home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
- Date sent: Tue, 14 May 1996 19:50:20 -0400
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dave XXXXXXX
- Prof.XXXXXX
- Ac Electronics
- XXX-XXX-XXXX
-
- James Clerk
- Maxwell was born
- in Edinburgh,
- Scotland, on the thirteenth
- of November in 1831. His original name was James Clerk. "Maxwell" was
- added after his mother died when James was a mere eight years old. In 1841,
- Maxwell was sent to the Edinburgh Academy when he was eleven. At the
- Edinburg Academy, Maxwell had two papers published by the Royal Society
- of Edinburg. From the Edinburg Academy, Maxwell began furthering his
- academic career at the University of Cambridge in 1850. There, at the
- University of Cambridge, he won honors and prizes in mathematics. He went
- on to become a lecturer at Trinity College and in 1854 at Trinity College he
- obtained a mathematics degree. Two years later he joined the faculty of
- Marischal College and married the daughter of the principal of Marischal
- College. King's College of London and Marischal College of Aberdeen
- combined. Maxwell was appointed to King's College in London in 1860.
- He retired in 1865 to carry on his laboratory work but returned back to
- Cambridge in 1871. While at Cambridge, Maxwell planned the famous
- Cavendish laboratory and became the first Cavendish Professor. Maxwell's
- theory of electromagnetic waves established him as one of the greatest scientists
- in history.
- Maxwell's first major contribution to science was a study of the planet
- Saturn's rings. Maxwell's theory was one of which the rings are composed of
- numerous small solid particles. This theory was confirmed one hundred years
- later by the first Voyager space probe to reach Saturn.
- Next, Maxwell considered the kinetic theory of gases. By treating gases
- statistically in 1866 he formulated, independently of Ludwig Boltzmann, the
- Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. This theory showed that
- temperatures and heat involved only molecular movement. Although Maxwell
- did not originate the kinetic theory of gases, he was the first to apply methods
- of probability and statistics to describe the properties of gas molecules.
- The Maxwell-Boltzmann theory meant a change from a concept of
- certainty, heat viewed as flowing from hot to cold, to one of statistics,
- molecules at high temperature have only a high probability of moving toward
- those at low temperature. Maxwell's approach did not reject earlier studies of
- thermodynamics but used a better theory of the basis to explain the observations
- and experiments.
- Maxwell contributed also to the study of color blindness and color vision.
- Out of his research and experimentation of the color theory came the first color
- photograph, which was produced by photographing one subject through filters
- of the three primary colors of light (red, yellow, and blue) and then recombining
- the images.
- Maxwell's most important achievement was in his extension and
- mathematical formulation of Michael Faraday's theories of electricity and
- magnetic lines of force. Maxwell suggested that electromagnetism moved
- through space in waves that could be generated in the laboratory. By
- calculating their velocity he found that the speed of electromagnetic waves was
- the same as the speed of light. He proposed that the phenomenon of light is
- therefore an electromagnetic phenomenon. Maxwell said:
- "We can scarcely avoid the conclusion that light consists in the
- transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and
- magnetic phenomena."
- His paper On Faraday's Lines of Force was read to the Cambridge
- Philosophical Society in two parts, 1855 and 1856. Maxwell showed that a few
- relatively simple mathematical equations could not express the behavior of
- electric and magnetic fields and their interrelation.
- At the time there was no evidence of comparable waves that could be
- transmitted or detected over any considerable distance. Maxwell died in
- Cambridge on the fifth of November in 1879, before his theory was successfully
- tested.
- The four partial differential equations, known as Maxwell's equations, first
- appeared in fully developed form in Electricity and Magnetism (1873). These
- equations are one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century mathematics.
- In 1888 Heinrich Hertz conducted investigations based on Maxwell's theories
- and demonstrated that an electric disturbance is transmitted through space in the form
- of waves. Today, electromagnetic waves are known to cover a wave spectrum of
- radiation. Maxwell expressed all the fundamental laws of light, electricity, and
- magnetism in a few mathematical equations which are commonly called the "Maxwell
- Field Equations". These equations were long considered a fundamental law of the
- universe, like Newton's laws of motion and gravitation. They do not apply, however,
- to phenomena that are governed by quantum theory, wave mechanics, and relativity.
- Maxwell is generally regarded as one of the greatest physicists the world has
- ever seen. Einstein placed on record his view that the Scot's work resulted in the most
- profound change in the conception of reality in physics. Maxwell's theory is a unification
- that remains one of the greatest landmarks in the whole of science. Maxwell paved the way
- for Einstein's special theory of relativity. Maxwell's ideas also ushered in the other
- major innovation of twentieth-century physics, the quantum theory. One of the greatest
- scientists in history, James Clerk Maxwell died on the fifth of November in 1879 in
- Cambridge, England before seeing the conformation of his greatest theory - the "Maxwell
- Equations".
-
-